Pemecutan

Pemecutan or officially United Kingdom of Pemecutan (Hanacaraka Latin: Pesamuan Puri Agung Pemecutan; Bahasa: Uni Kerajaan Pemecutan Raya) is an island country located in east central of Melayu Archipelago. It doesn't have land border with any nations but it has a maritime border with Eraman to the north and west, Kencana to the northeast, Southern Palm Islands to the south and southwest and the vast Madya Sea to the east. A united kingdom, Pemecutan is consist of 6 constituent states and 1 federal city. The states are Jimbarwana, Kanginan, Kauripan, Petang Islands, Tambangan and Ulunusa while Pemecutan Puri is the only federal city. It has an area of 30,056 km2 and a population of 12.4 millions. It is considered a densely populated country in Melayu Archipelago. Pemecutan Puri is the capital while Ubung is the largest city in Pemecutan which is also the center of its economy. Another notable cities are Tambapuri, Sanur, Mengwi, Jematang, Satria, Dalung, Kesiman.

Pemecutan history was begin around mid 4th century when the mainland was under the control of Sripala Kingdom, a Hindu kingdom centered on what is now Southern Palm Islands. To suppressed the uprising occurred in the archipelago, a puppet state was established named Tegeh Kori Kingdom. The kingdom reigned indirectly until the fall of Sripala in 857 before being a sovereign state until its own fall in 976. Two kingdoms emerge after the fall of Tegeh Kori, Watugunung Kingdom with the capital Campuhan centered in Giri Island and Suryapala Kingdom with the capital Mangupuri centered in Surya Islands and Petang Archipelago. Suryapala Kingdom was then conquered completely by Watugunung Kingdom in 1268. Watugunung itself was collapsed in 1351. During the period between 1351 - 1906, Pemecutan entered Dark Period.

In 16th century, British came to the country engaging a trade deal. But the situation change later on. One by one kingdoms in Pemecutan were being conquered. Started with Petang in 1878 until Tambangan in 1906. The area mostly unharmed during the First World War. But it was getting hit in the Second World War. In late 1942, Japanese forces successfully taken control of the whole islands. Independence movement was started in 1946 after the dissatisfaction over British colonial government which failed to protected Pemecutan during the World War. After an intense talked, 4 kingdoms that located in Giri Island agreed to unite together and established Giri Federation. While, Petang Islands and Kanginan]] continue to be a separate entities. It was not until 1966 when both Petang Islands and Kanginan decided to joined in. The unification then took its official name as United Kingdom of Pemecutan.

Pemecutan is considered a developing country with an emerging industrial base. The economy was boost after oil boom in 1970's. In 2019, the government successfully decreased the unemployment rate to its lowest position. While the largest obstacles are still transportation and environment. The government try to reduce its dependence on fossil-based power plant.

Etymology
The name of Pemecutan is derived from local word, pecut which means whip. The folklore stated (and also mention in Chronicle of Watugunung Dynasty), Ki Watu Giri, the first King of Mandara Giri was a master of whipping. He was believe to receive a sacred treasure from the mountain spirit that guarding both mountains in the north and west of Giri dominion. The sacred treasure are two whips, one with yellowish color (representing Basukinanta dragon, the guardian of Mount Basuki in the west) and the other with bluish color (representing Bogananta dragon, the guardian of Mount Pacung in the north). The name was believed to be chosen to give the new establish nation a blessings from the guardian of both mountains.

The whip is regard as a sacred symbol for the country. A dual whips has been use as the symbol of Watugunung Dynasty. All Watugunung's branch line also using whip as their symbol. States and territories of Pemecutan also put a whip in their coat of arms. This folklore also become the main reason why the area is called as Pemecutan by British administration.

Prehistory
There is a dispute over the first human to settling in the island. Fossilized remain of Homo pacungensis which was discovered in the cave at the foothill of Mount Pacung, suggested that archaic human has been inhabited Giri Island as early as 50,000 years ago. It is believe that these early human still in contact with Australoid tribe that reached the islands around 25,000 BC before it become extinct somewhat around 10,000 - 5,000 BC.

Around 500 BC, Austronesian people reached Giri Island, Pemecutan mainland. These peoples are recognized as the ancestors of the current peoples of Pemecutan. The discovery of iron and the applied of wet-field rice cultivation by Austronesian makes them successfully survive in the island. The peoples started to leave their nomadic lifestyle. Settlements and villages were flourished during this time. Indian trader came to the island around fourth century. These trader were known to influence early Pemecutanian peoples for their language writing. Hence the Hanacaraka script was discovered during this period. Indian trader also influence the peoples politics and society. Settlements and villages group together and larger tribe emerge. There are two distinct ethnics that controlled the archipelago, Mandaran and Girian. Both are believe to be the result of thousands years of intermarriage between Australoid and Austronesian which settled in the archipelago. The main difference between both ethnics are their basic skills.

Sripala Era
Sripala Kingdom established around 350 AD in what is now Southern Palm Islands. The small kingdom grew quickly and spread its influence into nearby islands including Giri Island, Pemecutan main island. At first, Sripala colonized the southern part of Giri Island around 387 AD in what is now Sanur. It gradually expanded northward and eastward. Surya Islands was controlled in 412 while Petang Archipelago was conquered in 419. Giri Island itself was not conquered wholly until 427. The existence of Sripala influence the tribal life in the archipelago. Hinduism was also spread into the archipelago which blended very well with the local animism beliefs. At first the archipelago relatively peaceful, but uprising started to occur during early late 5th century. To suppressed the continuous uprising, Sripalan King decided to install a local people to govern in the archipelago as their puppet. The decision marked the establishment of Tegeh Kori Kingdom.

The uprising subsided during the reigned of Tegeh Kori even though the kingdom was just a puppet of Sripala. The economy of the islands was increase by the trade domestically and with its neighboring country. Sripala land enlargement create many clashed with its neighbors, especially with Meilawati Kingdom. Several wars happened between two large kingdoms in their land race. Continuous wars devastated domestic situation of Sripala. Many uprising occurred because the fright of instability, including Tegeh Kori. The kingdom reached their independent in 752 AD several years before the fall of Sripala.

Tegeh Kori Kingdom continued to controlled the archipelago until late 10th century. They renew their relationships with neighboring kingdoms and also successor kingdoms of Sripala. Trade was well maintained. An internal conflict then shake the kingdom. A civil war was inevitable which resulted in the split of the kingdom into 2 entities, Watugunung Kingdom which controlled Giri Island and Suryapala Kingdom which controlled both Surya and Petang Islands.

Dual Kingdom Era
Several years after the split, both kingdoms renew their relationship. Intermarriage between nobles and royal family has become quite common. Suryapala was also depends on Watugunung for their commodities. Jematang has developed into a large port, competing with the more famous Barunajaya. While Mangu has become the sole port in Suryapala. Batubulan War happened in 1107 in the race to control Batubulan Sea which was won by Watugunung. Batubulan then become an important naval base for Watugunung Kingdom. With the controlled of Batubulan by Watugunung, made it hard for Suryapala to send commodities to Petang Archipelago. This situation resulted in the uprising of Petang Archipelago. With the help of Watugunung, Petang Uprising resulted in the establishment of Nusa Petang Kingdom in 1137.

Campaigned to conquered Suryapala started in early 13th century. Canggu Island was the first to take over in 1211. Then eastern Surya Island was conquered in 1237. Finally Suryapala was conquered in 1268. Watugunung then eyeing Nusa Petang. The kingdom was easily conquered in 1293. Coronation of Cempaga III resulted in a serious situation. Both the King's princes from his two marriages were eyeing the throne. The King tried heavily to settled the issues but to no avail. When the king died, traditionally the eldest son took the throne. But before the coronation took place, a civil war broke out. The King's nephew try to stop both parties but he was eventually being ganged up by both of them. The war lasted for 3 years before went into a truce. A diplomatic solution was made. A meeting was held in Pemedilan to solved the problem. With the signed of Treaty of Pemedilan, Watugunung Kingdom was split into 3 entities. The largest share was given to the eldest soon, Prince Ki Karang Arum which established Karanganyar Kingdom. The second son, Prince Ki Alit Jambe established Jimbarwana Kingdom. And the King's nephew was given a parched of land which then become Ulunusa Kingdom.

Pemecutan Dark Period
After the split of Watugunung, Pemecutan Archipelago entered the Dark Period. Wars and rivalry between the kingdoms were inevitable. Petang Archipelago seceded from Ulunusa Kingdom in 1644 and established Petang Kingdom after Ulunusa throne went to a female ruler. The first Queen of Ulunusa was also forced to abdicated after her son, Prince Ki Sida Sapurna, reached maturity age. The line of Linggih House was continued with Sida House with the capital was moved from Ubung to Satria.

In Jimbarwana, a ruler change also replacing the kingdom. Jambe House was continued by their minor branched line, Merta House. This event occurred after the death of the heir less King Jambe XVII in 1833. The kingdom's capital was also being moved from Jambe to Kesiman.

Karanganyar was also falls because of internal issue over marriage dispute. Tambangan House raging a coup to Karanganyar King with the help of Kaleran House and Mangu House. Tambangan House, lead by Prince Ki Sangga Geni win the war and take over the kingdom. Karanganyar Royal Family was banished to Sadha Island off the eastern coast of Jematang before being sent to Batubulan. Karanganyar Kingdom was split between Tambangan, Kaleran and Mangu House which established Tambangan Kingdom, Kauripan Kingdom and Kanginan Kingdom. Both kingdom become a direct vassal of Tambangan and also a buffer zone for Tambangan main domain.

Several wars happened during the period. Most of the wars were about border disputes. Karanganyar and Ulunusa engaged in 2 major wars about their border. The same happened between Karanganyar and Jimbarwana. Batubulan island have been a continuous issue between Karanganyar and Petang. And later, between Tambangan Kingdom and Petang.

Western Presence
The first European country that reach Pemecutan area was Portuguese in the late 16th century. They at first reached Purwa Kingdom although not much trade happened between both nations. The Portuguese explorer reached Giri Island and engaged in a trade notably with Karanganyar Kingdom. The British came second around 18th century. They reached Giri Island by accident and make contact with Tambangan Kingdom, the continuation of Karanganyar Kingdom. Trade was not commenced in the first place but it was made gradually. British influence grew intensely and decrease the presence of Portuguese trader in the area.

The British were not just engage in trade but also involved in politics and defense of the area. The nobles in Ulunusa and Tambangan were concerned with the growing power of British in the area. They tried to warned the Monarch but their attempted were failed as the Monarch much more believe towards British diplomats. The intentions of British changed in mid 19th century. They tried to involved deeply in domestic affairs of the kingdoms there which infuriate the nobles. The situation worsen when Noble Uprising occurred in several villages. But the Monarch able to suppressed the uprising with the help of British which made them rely heavily to the British. Changes happened in 1878 when suddenly British declared war towards Petang Kingdom. The sudden declaration shocked the Monarch. They were easily conquered. The other kingdoms prepared themselves for the worst although they know that their military were very adequate compared to the British. One by one kingdom falls into British power. The last was Tambangan which was conquered in 1906.

The kingdoms were still retain their government and monarch but they were not a sovereign states. They were becoming protectorate states of British Empire known as Pemecutan Protectorate States. They still able to controlled their domestic affairs while foreign affairs and military become British responsibility. Although the situation seems to went bad, but there were a lot of development happened when the area were under British administration and protection. Port of Ubung was upgraded so it could accepted more ships mostly from India, Arab, Far East and Australia. British also created Pemecutan Navy Fleet which was stationed in Port of Ubung. But the world tension worsen in late 1930's. The Monarchs were worried when British entered World War II.

World Wars and Independence
The government of kingdoms in Pemecutan area met together in Peguyangan to talk about the world escalate situation. They were all agreed to increase military spending and asked for advise and defense from United Kingdom.

A small UK army was sent to defend their possession in Melayu Archipelago. After Japanese forces captured Dutch East Indies, they prepared for the worst. The Japanese Imperial Navy made voyage to Melayu Archipelago in order to controlled Port of Ubung which is a heavily defended UK naval Base in the area. The forces made a landing in July 1942. An inevitable war happened and in just a few months the whole Giri Island was captured. Purwa and Petang Islands forces also surrender after heavy loss.

A change of wind happened after Japanese forces was loosing in Rabaul and the Philippines. The situation were taken into advantage by the resistance forces in Giri Islands. With the help of Australian and British India Army, they able to forced out Japanese forces from the archipelago. The government were re-established shortly.

The after war, a heated situation happened in the area as nobles and commoners were upsets with UK war involvement and their failure to defend the archipelago. Uprising occurs in major cities during 1946 which chanting of immediate independence. A meeting was held in early 1947 between the 6 kingdoms and UK ambassador for independence discussion. UK suggested that all 6 kingdoms were unite under one sovereign states for more stability in the archipelago. But the suggestion was rejected by Kanginan and Petang delegations.

As the meeting progression become stalemate, in late 1948, 4 kingdoms in Giri Island held a separate meeting and finally agreed to unite as one nation. The move was granted by UK government. Giri Federation was officially declared in 18 December 1949. The first general election was held in September 1951 and the first parliament was swear in January 1952.

The independence of Kanginan was then granted in 1952. While Petang Islands got their independence in 1959. Both kingdoms re-established their relationship with Giri Federation. In 1962, Kanginan was in turmoil after the military initiated a coup to overthrow the monarchy. Kanginan Monarch family went into Giri Federation while the country was changed into a republic. The monarchist reached Giri's government and asked for intervention. A war between two neighbors was inevitable. Giri which was more superior able to conquered Kanginan at ease. A referendum was held in Kanginan to decided their future. Shockingly the result prefer the re-establisment of monarchy and the merger with Giri Federation.

A similar situation occur in Petang Islands when Batubulan instigate a secession war. Petang government asked for help from Giri Federation. After successfully suppress the war, a referendum was held. And the majority of people agreed to merging with Giri Federation including people from Batubulan. In 1966 a meeting held in Jematang, it was decided that Kanginan and Petang Islands joined the Federation. The new federation was named Pemecutan to reflect the whole archipelago.

Modern Days
Pemecutan has developed from an agriculture based country into a newly industrialized country. The discovery of oil deposit have increase the country's economy. The country also developed it's tourism industry. The financial crisis in late 1990's have a huge impact towards Pemecutan's economy. The economy slowly recovered. It's not reached it's previous position until mid 2000's.

In term of social issue, Pemecutan continued to give equality based on gender, ethnicity and religion. Homosexuality have been decriminalized since 1967. Freedom of speech is upheld and freedom of business also being protected. The main issue that still lurking is about environment. Even as a producer of petroleum, Pemecutan try to divert it's dependent towards fossil based energy and established a cleaner environment. The country also try to control the single use plastic usage as it's become a huge problem in Pemecutan. On the other hand, the government through Agency of Natural and Cultural Preservation continued to protected numerous sites throughout the country.

Government and Politics
Pemecutan is a federal parliamentary elective monarchy. It is the only elective monarchy in Melayu Archipelago. The system of government is closely modeled on that of the Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British colonial rule. The Head of State is Ratu Hawir Bhuja, commonly referred to Paramount King (literally it means King of the Kings). The Paramount King is elected to a five-year term by and among the six hereditary rulers of the States of Pemecutan. By informal agreement, the position is systematically rotated among the six, and have been held by Mangu XI of Kanginan since 1 January 2017. The Paramount King's role have been largely ceremonial since the creation of Giri Federation in 1949, picking ministers and members of the upper house. Rajya Sabha or The King's Council, which is a non-governmental body formed by six hereditary rulers of Pemecutan is designated as an advisory council for the government. The Government are freely to consult the countries issues with the council.

Legislative power is vested in Paruman Agung (Grand Council). The council is a bicameral which consist of the lower house, Krama Sabha (Peoples House) and the upper house, Nagari Sabha (State House). The 125-member of Krama Sabha is elected for a maximum term of four year in a multi-member constituencies. All 50 senators sit for four-years term; 30 are elected by the 6 states assemblies, and the remaining 20 are appointed by the Paramount King upon the Prime Minister's recommendation. The parliament follows multi-party system and the government is elected through a Saint-Langue method. Parliamentary elections are held at least once every four years, the most recent took place in September 2015. From 1984, the government has lower the voters age of consent from 21 years to 17 years. Voting is not mandatory. The next election will be held in September 2020.

Executive power is vested in the Cabinet, led by the Patih Agung (Prime Minister). Patih Agung must be a member of Krama Sabha who in the opinion of the Paramount King, commands the support of a majority members. The Cabinet is chosen from members of both houses of Parliament. Patih Agung or Prime Minister is both head of cabinet and the head of government. Since the 2011 General Election, Pemecutan have been govern by Parisadha Pandu Nagari (PPN). They formed a minority government with the support of Pratisentana Krama Pande (PKP), the second largest political party in the Parliament.

Pemecutan's legal system is a mixed of English Common Law and Pemecutan Traditional Value. This mixed system is adopted to preserved the local system and tradition that have been around in the country since several centuries ago. The judiciary is somewhat independent. The appointment of judges have been held by an independent body, Pemecutan Judicial Council where its members are certified lawyers, judges and former lawyers in the country. But all the judges appointment have to be approved by Nagai Sabha, as the upper house. The highest court in the judicial system is Pemecutan Supreme Court, followed by State Court of Appeal which located in each states and High Court which located in each municipalities. Pemecutan also has several special court e.g Military Court. Even though Sanatana Dharma is the country state-religion but there are no religious-based law that implemented in the country.

Administrative divisions
Pemecutan is divided into 6 constituent states and a federal city. On their independence as Giri Federation, the federation is consists of 4 states which are all located in Giri Island. Purwa and Petang Islands decided to joined the federation in 1966 which renamed Giri Federation into Pemecutan. In 1978, the capital, Pemecutan Puri was elevated from a city to become a federal city. Each States are divided into counties which then divided into municipalities (cities and towns). There are a total of 27 counties and 307 municipalities in Pemecutan.



Geography
Pemecutan is located in south central of Melayu Archipelago. It is part of Jambuva Archipelago and Central Islands Subregion. With a land area of 30,056 km2, Pemecutan is the third largest country in Jambuva Archipelago (not counting Labuan and Cempaka State which is part of Samudera Darussalam). The islands is crossed by two micro tectonic plate, Jambuva Plate and Kencana Plate. Gerenceng Mountain Range which located in Giri Island is a result of continued clashed between both tectonic plates. Earthquake are frequently occurs in the area.

Giri Island is the main and the largest island in the country with around 19,000 km2 in land area or around 63% of total Pemecutan land area. The highest point, Mount Basuki also located in the island which stood at 1,793 m above sea level. The longest river is Pacung River. Flowing at 112 km long, the river start from Mount Pacung and emptied into Jematang Bay. It crossed the capital city, Pemecutan Puri. Pacung-Apuan River Basin is the largest basin the country which occupy Campuhan Valley in the eastern part of Giri Island.

Islands in Pemecutan are mostly hilly with highland and mountain can be seen in the large islands. Only smaller islands and islets that rather flat. The largest flat island in Pemecutan would be Getasan Island with around 200 m in it highest point. There are more than 20 islands in Pemecutan Archipelago. All of them are named and inhabited. It can be grouped into Giri, Mengwi and Petang Group.

The closest distance to foreign country is with Southern Palm Islands in the south of the country. Khurtubh Strait is only 13 km long. The largest territorial water will be Batubulan Sea which located between Batubulan Island and Surya Island. The largest lake is located in Kanginan, Carangsari Lake. Surya Island is known for its numerous lake especially in its eastern part.