Pemecutan

Pemecutan or officially United Kingdom of Pemecutan (Hanacaraka: ᬧᭂᬲᬫᬸᬯᬦ᭄ ᬧᬸᬭᬶ ᬅᬕᬸᬂ ᬧᭂᬫᭂᬘᬸᬢᬦ᭄, Pesamuan Puri Agung Pemecutan; Pemecutan Malay: Uni Kerajaan Pemecutan Raya) is an island country located in south central of Mandalanusa. It doesn't have land border with any nations but it has a maritime border with Eraman, Cakranegara, Southern Palm Islands, Sharktail and Soracana Islands. The vast Madya Sea is to its east which connect the country with the open sea. A united kingdom, Pemecutan is consist of 3 constituent states; Kanginan, Pamecutan and Petang Islands. It has an area of 30,089 km2 and a population of 14.9 millions. It is considered a densely populated country in region. Pemecutan Puri is the capital while Ubung is the largest city which is also the center of its economy. Another notable cities are Tambapuri, Sanur, Mengwi, Jematang, Satria, Kesiman.

Pemecutan history was taking it shape around mid 5th century when the archipelago was under the control of Sripala Kingdom, a Hindu kingdom centered on what is now Southern Palm Islands. The islands have had its own administration under Giri Langkir Kingdom, a puppet kingdom of Sripala. The kingdom control the area until early 8the century when it was conquered by Campuhan Kingdom. In mid 8the century, Tegeh Kori House took control of the kingdom and established Tegeh Kori Kingdom. The kingdom stay in power until mid 10the century when it was passed down to Watugunung House under Pamecutan Kingdom. Pemecutan spread its influence to Soracana Archipelago until its break-up in 1351. The fall of Pamecutan led to a hegemonic era in the archipelago where each kingdom aimed to become the greatest.

In 16th century, Terranean came to the country engaging a trade deal. But the situation change later on as Terranean got involved in the kingdoms domestic matters. Wars between Pemecutan petty kingdoms made it easier for Terranean to insert their influence. One by one of the kingdom become a client state of Terranean. The two last kingdoms, Manguwirajya and Tamba Pemecutan was conquered in 1889 and 1906. In 1908, Pemecutan Protectorate States was established.

The country was mostly not harmed during the World War I. But Ubung Port was getting air raided during World War II which made the city heavily damaged. After the World War, talk about independence heat up. The first two meetings in 1949 and 1953 failed to achieved any results. It was not until 1966 that the independence was granted. In 1978, a new constitution was enacted which increase the number of state from 6 to 9 and Pemecutan Puri, the capital was elevated into a state-level city.

Pemecutan is considered a developing country with an emerging industrial base. The economy was boost after oil boom in 1970's. In 2019, the government successfully decreased the unemployment rate to its lowest position. While the largest obstacles are still transportation and environment. The government try to reduce its dependence on fossil-based power plant.

Etymology
The name of Pemecutan is derived from local word, pecut which means whip. Based on the historical writings of Watugunung Chronicles, Kyayi Watu Giri, which will becoming the first king of Pemecutan was a master of whipping. He got a holy treasure after medidate at the slope of Mount Basuki. The treasure was a golden whip and a tulup, a bamboo weapon. The holy treasures were believe to be a gift of blessings from the serpent-dragon deity, Anantaboga who is belief to be reside at the heart of Mount Basuki.

The word Pemecutan was first use to named the area in 976 as Pamecutan. The kingdom was a continuation of Tegeh Kori Kingdom. The Terranean government adopted the word to address the area with the fact that 3 out of 6 petty kingdoms use that name. Although a pronunciation change happened from Pamecutan to Pemecutan. The new pronounce is adopted for the country name later on. The decision was made to distinguish the modern country with the former historical kingdom.

Prehistory
The discovery of cave paintings at Selonding Cave dated 40,000 BCE, give the researchers their first assumption about the first settlers who settled in the islands. But the discovery of cave men fossil similar to what they found in mainland Mandalanusa, makes them rethink about when the islands was first settled. The fossil who was once thought as a young fossil of Homo malayanensis was in fact a mature person. It is believe that the fossil was a different species. It was then named Homo pacungensis based on where it was discovered. The species is experienced what is known as islands dwarfism phenomenon after the land was separated from the main island during the end of the last ice age.

Another advance tools were discovered dated around 25,000 BCE which believe coming from Homo sapiens. This first intelligent human to live in the islands was call Purbaran. They were coming to the area in a huge migration process around 30,000-25,000 BCE. This evidence make them live side by side with Homo pacungensis until their extinction in 15,000 BCE. The Purbaran then change their hunter gatherer behaviour and began building settlements around 10,000 BCE. Their settlements flourished throughout the archipelago until the coming of Lanyaran in what's the researcher call as the second great migration which happened around 2,500 - 2,000 BCE. The coming of Lanyaran made Purbaran people moved upwards to the higher ground. Today, there are only 5 known Purbaran villages remain in Pemecutan. These people are known as Giri Aga.

The Lanyaran or known as Girian began to applied wet field cultivation and metalworking. The Subak irrigation system which was invented that time is still in use until this day. Bronze works was at its peak around 500 BCE. The discovery of a large bronze drum in Segaranusa Islands is the evidence of the country high metallurgy works. The drum is known locally as Moon Stone which is in coincidence with the village where the drum is discovered, Batubulan. The discovery also confirmed about prehistoric trade between islands in the region.

Early history
Beginning the first century, Girian people was known to practice animism. Settlements which were established during this period mostly established around a temple or a place of worship. The oldest known temple is Pacung Temple dated around 22 AD. The temple is carved out at the side of a cliff. There are 2 types of settlement formations are known. A linear type which is more used in almost every terrain. While radial settlements are found in lake area in east Surya Island and also in inland Alas Magalak in southern Giri Island.

In late 4th century, Sripala Kingdom made their presence in Bungkak Peninsula, southwest Giri Island. They begin to spread their influence especially in religion and writings. The natives began to use Pallava script to write their language. To govern this new region, Sripala monarch established a puppet kingdom. A native name Kyayi Penasar was crown as King with his domain Giri Langkir Kingdom which was centered at what is today's Sumerta. The kingdom lasted until 737. The rise of Campuhan Kingdom and internal conflicts become the reason of their collapsed.

Campuhan Kingdom battling Giri Langkir which they seen as an accompliced of Sripala. Campuhan was centered at Pacung-Apuan River Basin in what is today's Campuhan district, northwest of Pemecutan Puri city center. A dynastic change happen in 752 which made the kingdom cease to exist. The new dynasty established Tegeh Kori Kingdom at the east of Pacung-Apuan confluence in what is today's Tegeh Kori district. The remnants of their palace is now used as the Patih Agung and Patih Madya Office.

Tegeh Kori Era
Tegeh Kori Kingdom at first was only controlled the eastern part of Giri Island. The kingdom was established by Kyayi Anglurah Ampugan or entitled King Tegeh Kori I. Seen as a rebel, the kingdom was repeatedly engaged in a war with Giri Langkir. A succession crisis which happened in Giri Langkir in mid-7th century made them weaker. Tegeh Kori with the help of Mpu Wirattama of Alas Magalak, Ki Pasung Gerigis from Pacung and Kyayi Tunggak Larang from Basuki subdued Giri Langkir. The war ended in 737 with the death of their king, Langkir XII.

Tegeh Kori assumed power over Giri Island as they fought several wars against Sripala. They want to assert their rule again after the collapsed of Giri Langkir. Sripala finally gave up after their lost in 748. Tegeh Kori kings also help the establishment of Purwasa Kingdom in Surya Island in 801. And Carangsari Kingdom in Petang Islands in 883. A succession crisis happened in Tegeh Kori after King Tegeh Kori IX didn't have a male heir. A matrilineal marriage between his eldest daughter, Princess Padmi Kori and Ki Alang Abu, the descendants of Ki Pasung Gerigis was held to end the crisis. But the princess denied her right to ascend the throne and instead pass it down to her son, Kyayi Watu Giri. This resulted in the beginning of a new dynasty.

Watugunung Era
Kyayi Watu Giri ascend to the throne and begin Watugunung House rule. He built a new palace for his residence as named it Pamecutan Palace henced the name of the kingdom was also change. The King made numerous improvements including the introduce of Hanacaraka script and the use of Pawukon calendar instead of Saka calendar. The kingdom's influence was also spread until Soracana Archipelago and Mitra and Soma Island. Carangsari Kingdom was conquered by them in 1216 after a naval incidents. Purwasa was also conquered in 1312.

A succession crisis happened in 14th century when King Cempaga III two sons battled for the legitimate successor. The country was also drift apart. While the King himself in favor of his nephew to replace him. This three-way dispute culminated into an open war after the king's death in 1348. The war took place for 3 years without any clear winner. A meeting was held in Kerandan, a small town east of the capital, to resolved the dispute. Treaty of Kerandan was signed in 1351 which ended the dispute. Pamecutan domain was split into 3. The northern part including Petang Islands was given to the second son, Kyayi Banyu Linggih named Linggih Pamecutan Kingdom. The southern part including Alas Magalak was given to the nephew, Kyayi Alang Jambe named Jambe Pamecutan Kingdom. And the central part including Surya Island was given to the first son, Kyayi Anglurah Karang named Karang Pamecutan Kingdom.

Hegemonic Era
Pamecutan splits made ways to the Purwasan descendants to fight for independence. In 1362, Mangu Kingdom was established in Surya Island after their successful independence war. Although small battles continue to happen where Senggu Island repeatedly change ownership between Mangu and Karang Pamecutan. In the 16th century Jambe Pamecutan spread its influence southward to Cendana Islands. They get a heavy resistance from the native kingdoms. But they were success to captured some islands and established Cakranegara Kingdom in 1567. While Linggih Pamecutan have to lost Petang Islands in 1644 after a huge war. The event also made their first queen, Linggih XII to abdicate. Her son assumed the throne and move the capital to the town of Satria. He renamed the kingdom to Satria Linggih Kingdom.

The first European country that reach Pemecutan area was Lusitan in the late 16th century. They at first reached Surya Island although not much trade happened between both nations. The Lusitan explorer reached Giri Island and engaged in a trade notably with Karang Pamecutan. While Jambe Pamecutan made contact with the Nederland during their Cendana Islands confrontation. More than half of the archipelago have been under Nederland influence.

A marriage incident between Karang Pamecutan and Mangu Kingdom turn into a coup inside Karang Pamecutan. In 1776, Tamba House usurpe Karang Pamecutan throne and established Tamba Pamecutan Kingdom. The change built resentments from their neighbors especially Satria Linggih's noble and royal family who unrecognized Tamba House as the King of the middle kingdom.

The Terranean then came around 18th century. They reached Giri Island by accident and make contact with Tamba Pamecutan. Trade was not commenced in the first place but it was made gradually. Other kingdoms in the area also made contact with Terranean and soon they become close ally. The Terranean help Jambe Pamecutan to fight the Nederland so they can defend their domain in Cendana Islands. Satria Linggih give them access to Ubung Port so they can established a trade post there. This trade post have become a significant Terranean trading route. It contested Samuderan port, the natives trade center and Lusitan port, Porto Espinhosa.

The Terranean were not just engage in trade but also involved in politics and defense of the area. They tricked Tamba Pemecutan and Mangu nobles into war which ended with the establishment of Tribhuana Kingdom in 1848. Satria Linggih fall into their wings after they signed Ubung Treaty in 1849 which make the kingdom as Terranean's puppet state. The Terranean have to secure Ubung Port which was their biggest asset in the area. One by one of the kingdoms signed the similar treaty. Petang in 1878. Jambe Pamecutan in 1886. The situation make Tamba Pamecutan and Mangu build an alliance to end Terranean power. But their alliance fail. Terranean launched their first aggression in 1896 where they success to conquered Mangu and Tribhuana. The second aggression in 1906 was aimed to conquered Tamba Pamecutan. And they succeed.

In 1908, a new government was established in the area. It named Pemecutan Protectorate States. Under the new government, many developments happen especially in Ubung. The port have turned into a naval base beside a busy seaport. Airfields, roads and rail networks were also build to easy access in the area.

World Wars and Independence
The islands was mostly unharmed during the first World War. But the war hit the islands in second World War. Ubung Port and Puri Airfield was air raided by the Nihon air forces. It heavily damaged the area along both targets. The local government had prepare for a possibility of naval and ground forces. Fortunately, nothing was happened. But the result of the war had give a negative sentiments towards Terranean government. The local government thoughts that Terranean have failed to protect them. Independence was voiced immediately.

The first talks about independence happen in 1949 which was held in Peguyangan. But the meeting resulted nothing. A second meeting in Mengwi was held in 1953 which disputed over Cakranegara and Soracana Islands status. Pemecutan government wants these entities to be included in the new formed country but Terranean government denied it. In 1962, Cakranegara were joined together with Sambora and Bimantara, Nederland colonies, to create Cendana Islands Federation. And in 1964, Soracana Islands referendum ended with a failed independence movement. These events hurts Pemecutan government. They then continue with independence proposal which is now just for Pemecutan islands. The constitution of the new country passed in 1966. And Pemecutan is granted independence at 9 December 1966 which become their official independence day.

Modern Days
In 1968, Pemecutan was getting involved in Cendana Islands dissolution. The dissolution happened when anti-monarchy sentiments arise in the main island. Sambora and Bimantara then become Toluiwa while Cakranegara which retain its monarchy become independent. The anti-monarchy sentiment then spread to Cakranegara. In 1975, a bloody demonstration triggered a civil war in the country. Pemecutan once again come to the region and try to resolved the problem. The country was then split with the southernmost islands chain become a new country named, Rarungan and stayed as monarchy while Cakranegara change into a republic. Pemecutan then build a naval base in Gili Anakan as part of the agreement. Cakranegara was denied of military practice and their defense become Pemecutan's responsibility. While Rarungan become heavily dependent on Pemecutan both in economy and defense.

In domestic, Pemecutan turn into new industrial country in 1970's. The found of oil reserve catapult the country's economy. Their involvement in Cendana Islands also elevated the country's diplomatic power in the region. In 1978, a new constitution was signed which change the face of the country. The constitution recognized 3 new states where 2 of them are non-monarchy state. While Pemecutan Puri, the capital territory was also given a state status. In 1980's, the country enter a new economy miracle as manufacturing skyrocketing while tourism find its way to become the country's new income.

Begin the 1990's, the country start to shift their attention to service industry. In 1992, Ubung Stock Exchange is established. But their economy slow down in the end of the decade until it finally collapsed in 1998 as the stock market was crashed. It was not until another decade that the country regain their positive trend. The terror attacks in 2002 and 2005 also influenced the long rebound of their economy.

In late 2019, Soracana Islands was in a war after a coup against their government happened. Pemecutan was drag into the war after the coup leader accused Pemecutan navy violate their territorial waters. Pemecutan navy was on an alert that time after the coup was commenced in a fear that the war spread beyond their land. The accusation and sudden war declaration enraged Pemecutanian leader. In mid-2020, Pemecutan succeed to subdued the coup leader. In a quick referendum, Soracanian citizens agreed to merge with Pemecutan. Pemecutanian government was surprised with the result. The opinion spread on the Soracanian citizens was by becoming part of Pemecutan, they country will rebuild faster and their security is protected. The Pemecutanian also agree to held another referendum in the next 5 years.

Government and Politics
Pemecutan is a federal parliamentary elective monarchy. The system of government is closely modeled on that of the Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of Terranean colonial rule. Although some of traditional traits are applied too. The Head of State is Ratu Hawir Bhuja, commonly referred to Paramount King (literally it means King of the Kings). The Paramount King is elected to a five-year term by and among the six hereditary rulers of the States of Pemecutan. By informal agreement, the position is systematically rotated among the them, and have been held by Mangu X of Kanginan since 1 January 2017. The Paramount King's role have been largely ceremonial since the independence, picking ministers and members of the upper house. Rajya Sabha or The King's Council, which is a non-governmental body formed by six hereditary rulers of Pemecutan is designated as an advisory council for the government. The Government are freely to consult the country issues with the council.

Legislative power is vested in Paruman Agung (Grand Council). The council is a bicameral which consist of the lower house, Krama Sabha (Peoples House) and the upper house, Nagari Sabha (State House). The 125-member of Krama Sabha is elected for a maximum term of four year in first-past-the-post system. All 29 senators sit for four-years term; 28 are elected by Rajya Sabha from nobles in each state and 1 senator from Pemecutan Puri is directly elected. The parliament follows multi-party system and the government is elected through a first-past-the-post system. Parliamentary elections are held at least once every four years, the most recent took place in September 2015. From 1984, the government has lower the voters age of consent from 21 years to 17 years. Voting is not mandatory. The next election will be held in September 2020.

Executive power is vested in the Cabinet, led by the Patih Agung (Prime Minister). Patih Agung must be a member of Krama Sabha who in the opinion of the Paramount King, commands the support of a majority members. The Cabinet is chosen from members of both houses of Parliament. Patih Agung or Prime Minister is both head of cabinet and the head of government. Since the 2011 General Election, Pemecutan have been govern by Parisadha Pandu Nagari (PPN). They formed a minority government with the support of Pratisentana Krama Pande (PKP), the second largest political party in the Parliament.

Pemecutan's legal system is a mixed of English Common Law and Pemecutan Traditional Value. This mixed system is adopted to preserved the local system and tradition that have been around in the country since several centuries ago. The judiciary is somewhat independent. The appointment of judges have been held by an independent body, Pemecutan Judicial Council where its members are certified lawyers, judges and former lawyers in the country. But all the judges appointment have to be approved by Nagai Sabha, as the upper house. The highest court in the judicial system is Pemecutan Supreme Court, followed by State Court of Appeal which located in each states and High Court which located in each municipalities. Pemecutan also has several special court e.g Military Court. Even though Sanatana Dharma is the country state-religion but there are no religious-based law that implemented in the country.

Administrative divisions
Currently, Pemecutan is divided into 10 states. Each state is divided into municipalities except Pemecutan Puri and Tandeg Suci who are a city-state. Larger municipalities gained city status. Below municipalities is Pakraman which can be translate into village. And Banjar or community is the lowest division. The number of municipalities have been reduced overtime. After the 2019 municipality merger wave, there is a total of 271 municipalities.



Foreign Relations
As a former protectorate state of United Kingdom, Pemecutan has a very close relationship with them and their former colonies. They maintain a friendly relationship especially with India, Australia, Singapore and Malaysia. Even though they have a close relationship with UK and their former colonies, they try to always maintain neutrality in their foreign relation. Regionally, they also maintain close relationship with their neighbors.

Pemecutan was part of Ladonka Summit, a regional summit held in Ladonka, Belfitz. The summit initially held as a regional initiation to establish a regional association and cooperation. Unfortunately, the summit was cut short.

Geography
Pemecutan is located in south central of Melayu Archipelago. It is part of Jambuva Archipelago and Central Islands Subregion. The whole country also known as Pemecutan Archipelago. With a land area of 30,056 km2, Pemecutan is the third largest country in Jambuva Archipelago (not counting Labuan and Cempaka State which is part of Samudera Darussalam). The islands is crossed by two micro tectonic plate, Jambuva Plate and Kencana Plate. Giri Mountain Range which located in Giri Island is a result of continued clashed between both tectonic plates. Earthquake are frequently occurs in the area.

Giri Island is the main and the largest island in the country with around 19,000 km2 in land area or around 63% of total Pemecutan land area. The highest point, Mount Basuki also located in the island which stood at 1,793 m above sea level. The longest river is Pacung River. Flowing at 112 km long, the river start from Mount Pacung and emptied into Jematang Bay. It crossed the capital city, Pemecutan Puri. Pacung-Apuan River Basin is the largest basin the country which occupy Campuhan Valley in the eastern part of Giri Island. Islands in Pemecutan are mostly hilly with highland and mountain can be seen in the large islands. Only smaller islands and islets that rather flat. The largest flat island in Pemecutan would be Nehu Island with around 200 m in it highest point. There are more than 20 islands in Pemecutan Archipelago. All of them are named and inhabited. It can be grouped into 3 areas, Giri (or sometimes known as Mainland), Surya and Soracana Group.

The closest distance to foreign country is with Southern Palm Islands in the south of the country. Khurtubh Strait is only 13 km long. The largest territorial water will be Batubulan Sea. The largest lake is located in Kanginan, Carangsari Lake. Surya Island is known for its numerous lake especially in its eastern part.

Climate
Pemecutan lies south of equator line although still below Tropic of Capricorn. It has 2 main seasons, dry and wet season with no temperature difference between both seasons. For most of Pemecutan, dry season fall between May until October while wet season fall between November to April. Pemecutan climate's almost entirely tropical which dominated by tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af). More cooler climate types can be found in higher altitude above 1,300 m above sea level. The oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) prevails in mountain region which adjacent to rainforest climate with uniform precipitation year-round. In highland area near tropical monsoon climate, the subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) is prevalent with pronounces dry season.

Eastern and southern Giri have a higher rainfall compared to it's western part. Soracana Archipelago have the lowest rainfall throughout the country. The humidity is quite high around 70-90%. Winds are somewhat predictable with monsoons usually blowing in from southeast in November through March and from northwest in June through October.