Pemecutan

Pemecutan or officially United Kingdom of Pemecutan (Hanacaraka Latin: Pesamuan Puri Agung Pemecutan; Bahasa: Uni Kerajaan Pemecutan Raya) is an island country located in east central of Melayu Archipelago. It doesn't have land border with any nations but it has a maritime border with Eraman to the north and west, Kencana to the northeast, Southern Palm Islands to the south and southwest and the vast Madya Sea to the east. A united kingdom, Pemecutan is consist of 6 constituent states and 1 federal city. The states are Kerobokan, Kesiman, Mengwi, Petang Islands, Tambangan and Satria while Pemecutan Puri is the only federal city. It has an area of 30,056 km2 and a population of 12.4 millions. It is considered a densely populated country in Melayu Archipelago. Pemecutan Puri is the capital while Ubung is the largest city in Pemecutan which is also the center of its economy. Another notable cities are Tambangan, Sanur, Mengwi, Jematang, Satria, Dalung, Kesiman.

Pemecutan history was begin around mid 4th century when the mainland was under the control of Sripala Kingdom, a Hindu kingdom centered on what is now Southern Palm Islands. The reigning of Sripala Kingdom in the island went through until the fall of the kingdom in late 8th century. Two kingdoms were emerge in the mainland, Giri Kingdom (centered in Tambangan now) and Mandara Kingdom (centered in Satria now). The two kingdoms were unified in late 10th century which established Mandara Giri Kingdom. The new kingdom was ruled by Ki Watu Giri after he become the heir of both kingdoms. The kingdom was merely peaceful for around 4 centuries. It's only focusing on expansion within its land and engage in trade with neighboring countries. In early 14th century, the kingdom was collapsed. The rivalry between two princes endangered the kingdom. At the end, to prevent war the kingdom was split. Pemecutan enters Dark Period when kingdoms continued to splits and wars happened frequently.

In 16th century, British came to the country engaging a trade deal. But the situation change later on. One by one kingdoms in Pemecutan were being conquered. Started with Petang Islands in 1879 until Tambangan in 1906. The area mostly unharmed during the First World War. But it was getting hit in the Second World War. In 1943, Japanese forces successfully taken control of the whole islands. Independence movement was started in 1946 after the dissatisfaction over British colonial government which failed to protected Pemecutan during the World War. After an intense talked, 4 kingdoms that located in Giri Island agreed to unite together and established Giri Federation. While, Petang Islands and Mengwi continue to be a separate entities. It was not until 1966 when both Petang Islands and Mengwi decided to joined in. The federation then change it's name into it's current name as all entities in Pemecutan area are unite in a single sovereign state.

Pemecutan is considered a developing country with an emerging industrial base. The economy was boost after oil boom in 1970's. In 2019, the government successfully decreased the unemployment rate to its lowest position. While the largest obstacles are still transportation and environment. The government try to reduce its dependence on fossil-based power plant.

Etymology
The name of Pemecutan is derived from local word, pecut which means whip. The folklore stated (and also mention in Chronicle of Watugunung Dynasty), Ki Watu Giri, the first King of Mandara Giri was a master of whipping. He was believe to receive a sacred treasure from the mountain spirit that guarding both mountains in the north and west of Giri dominion. The sacred treasure are two whips, one with yellowish color (representing Basukinanta dragon, the guardian of Mount Basuki in the west) and the other with bluish color (representing Bogananta dragon, the guardian of Mount Pacung in the north). The name was believed to be chosen to give the new establish nation a blessings from the guardian of both mountains.

The whip is regard as a sacred symbol for the country. A dual whips has been use as the symbol of Watugunung Dynasty. All Watugunung's branch line also using whip as their symbol. States and territories of Pemecutan also put a whip in their coat of arms. This folklore also become the main reason why the area is called as Pemecutan by British administration.

Prehistory
There is a dispute over the first human to settling in the island. Fossilized remain of Homo pacungensis which discovered in the cave at the foothill of Mount Pacung, suggested that archaic human has been inhabited Giri Island as early as 50,000 years ago. It is believe that these early human still in contact with Australoids tribe that reached the islands around 25,000 BC before it become extinct somewhat around 10,000 - 5,000 BC.

Around 500 BC, Austronesians people reached Giri Island, Pemecutan mainland. These peoples are recognized as the ancestors of the current peoples of Pemecutan. The discovery of iron and the applied of wet-field rice cultivation by Austronesians makes them successfully survive in the island. The peoples started to leave their nomadic lifestyle. Settlements and villages were flourished during this time. Indian trader came to the island around fourth century. These trader were known to influence early Pemecutanian peoples for their language writing. Hence the Hanacaraka script was discovered during this period. Indian trader also influence the peoples politics and society. Settlements and villages group together and larger tribe emerge. Two tribe were recognized to control the mainland. Giri Tribe took control the eastern part of Giri Island while Mandara Tribe controlled the northern part. Giri Tribe also spread themselves into Saurya Islands (today Mengwi). While Mandara Tribe spread into Petang Archipelago.

Sripala Era
Sripala Kingdom established around 350 AD in what is now Southern Palm Islands. The small kingdom grew quickly and spread its influence into nearby islands including Pemecutan. At first, Sripala colonized the southern part of Giri Island around 387 AD in what is now Sanur. The existence of Sripala influenced the tribal life in Pemecutan. In a very short time both Giri and Mandara tribes were fall under Sripala Kingdom. Two administrations were established in the Mainland, Giri and Mandara. Giri administration was centered on Giripuri (in today Tulangampiang) and Mandara administration was centered on Barunajaya (in today Ubung).

In 412 AD, Sripala take controlled of Saurya Islands. The islands was put under Giri administration. While Petang Archipelago which was taken in 419 AD was put under Mandara administration. The economy of the islands was increase by the trade domestically and with its neighboring country. Sripala land enlargement create many clashed with its neighbors, especially with Meilawati Kingdom. Several wars happened between two large kingdoms in their land race. Continues wars devastated domestic situation of Sripala. Many uprising occurred because the fright of instability. One by one Sripala's dominions seceded. Sripala begin to collapsed and eventually fall in 850 AD.

Dual Kingdom Era
Giri Island was leaderless after the fall of Sripala. Ki Jaya Menala gathered his followers and established Mandara Kingdom in the north of the island. He keeps Barunajaya as the capital. He was entitled King Menala I with the coronation happened in 862 AD which also marked the beginning of the kingdom. To the south of Titih Highland, Ki Sirih Abu established Giri Kingdom with Giripuri as its capital in 868 AD. He was entitled King Apuan I.

The domain of Mandara Kingdom was enlarge by the western of the island and Petang Archipelago. While Giri Kingdom took controlled of land south of Gerenceng Mountain together with Saurya Islands. Both kingdoms were in closed relationship and intermarriage were very common especially between its Royal Family. Most notable intermarriage were between Ki Watu Pahang (which then become King Apuan IV of Giri) with Princess Nyi Ayu Padmi of Mandara (which is the daughter of King Menala IV of Mandara). This marriage led to the unification of both kingdoms.

King Menala IV of Mandara had no male heir. He only had daughters from his Queen. His first daughter, Nyi Ayu Padmi was betrothed to Prince Ki Watu Pahang of Giri which then rise to the throne after his father death in 979. Their son, Ki Watu Giri was already replace King Menala IV of Mandara and become King Watugunung I of Mandara. Ki Watu Pahang (or King Apuan IV) continued to lead Giri Kingdom until his death in 994. The throne then went to his son, King Watugunung I of Mandara. To simplify the situation, King Watugunung I of Mandara decided to merge both kingdoms and established Mandara Giri Kingdom in 994. He retain his title when reigning the new kingdom.

Mandara Giri Kingdom
After the kingdom was established, King Watugunung I decided to moved the capital from Barunajaya into more inland position. He did several explorations. One place that immerse him is a river confluence to the east of Giripuri. Knowing that area has a positive energy, he decided to built the new capital there. He named the capital, Campuhan (which means river confluence in Hanacaraka). During the establishment of the new capital, the King reside in Giripuri. While Barunajaya is kept for the nation main port.

The capital establishment was not finished until the reign of King Watugunung III. But the King already reside there after Campuhan Palace (Puri Campuhan) was finished. The second King decided to change all the name of settlements and villages in the nation to more resembles and blended with local language.

The political and economy situation during the reign of Watugunung Dynasty was quite steady. Not much situation occurs. Many new villages were built as the population grows and trade was commence with neighboring countries. Several other ports also established in 4 directions, Ubung (North), Jematang (East), Dalung (West) and Sanur (South).

Watugunung Dynasty falls was a bit unexpected. Succession crisis occurs during the reign of King Cempaga III. Not because he had no male heir but because some of his sons contested the throne. To prevent a war, the King decided to split the kingdom into 3 entities. His eldest son from the Queen, Prince Ki Karang Arum become the heir of Mandara Giri Kingdom. His son from the second wife, Prince Ki Alit Jambe is given the land south of Gerenceng Mountain and established Watu Jambe Kingdom. His nephew, Prince Ki Banyu Linggih is given the land north of Titih Highland, including Petang Archipelago and established Watu Linggih Kingdom. While Prince Ki Karang Arum domain was called Karanganyar Kingdom which also includes Saurya Islands. Watugunung Dynasty was officially split into 3 main lines, Karanganyar Line (descendants of Prince Ki Karang Arum), Jambe Line (descendants of Prince Ki Alit Jambe) and Linggih Line (descendants of Prince Ki Banyu Linggih).

Pemecutan Dark Period
After the split of Mandara Giri, Giri Islands and it's surrounding islands entered the Dark Period. Wars and rivalry between the kingdoms were inevitable. Petang Archipelago seceded from Watu Linggih Kingdom in 1644 and established Nusa Petang Kingdom after Watu Linggih throne went to a female ruler. The first Queen of Watu Linggih was also forced to abdicated after her son, Prince Ki Sida Sapurna, reached maturity age. Watu Linggih Kingdom was then replaced by Satria Kingdom.

In Karanganyar Kingdom, the younger brother of King Karanganyar II, Prince Ki Kerta Pala was given the authority to rule Saurya Islands. He built a palace there and named his domain Karang Surya Kingdom. The kingdom was a direct vassal of Karanganyar until the fall of the dynasty. The reign of Pala Dynasty ended in 1717 after the throne was given to the nephew of the late King which indirectly begin a new dynastic line. The kingdom name was also change into Mengwi Kingdom.

In Watu Jambe, a ruler change also replacing the kingdom. Jambe dynasty was continued by their minor branched line, Merta House. This event occurred after the death of the heirless King Jambe XVII in 1833. The kingdom then continued as Kesiman Kingdom.

Karanganyar was also falls because of internal issue over marriage dispute. Tambangan House raging a coup to Karanganyar King with the help Kaleran House. Tambangan House, lead by Prince Ki Sangga Geni win the war and take over the kingdom. Karanganyar Royal Family was banished to Sadha Island off the eastern coast of Jematang before being sent to Batubulan and designated as a Count there. Karanganyar Kingdom was split between Tambangan House and Kaleran House which established Tambangan Kingdom and Kerobokan Kingdom. Mengwi was also cut its ties with Tambangan Kingdom and become a full sovereign kingdom.

Several wars happened during the period. Most of the wars were about border disputes. Karanganyar and Watu Linggih engaged in 2 major wars about their border. The same happened between Karanganyar and Watu Jambe. Batubulan island have been a continues issue between Karanganyar and Nusa Petang. And later, between Tambangan Kingdom and Nusa Petang.

Western Presence
The first European country that reach Pemecutan area was Portuguese in the late 16th century. They at first reached Karang Surya Kingdom although not much trade happened between both nations. The Portuguese explorer reached Giri Island and engaged in a trade notably with Karanganyar Kingdom. The British came second around 18th century. They reached Giri Island by accident and make contact with Tambangan Kingdom, the continuation of Karanganyar Kingdom. Trade was not commenced in the first place but it was made gradually. British influence grew intensely and decrease the presence of Portuguese trader in the area.

The British were not just engage in trade but also involved in politics and defense of the area. The nobles in Mengwi and Tambangan were concerned with the growing power of British in the area. They tried to warned the Monarch but their attempted were failed as the Monarch much more believe towards British diplomats. The intentions of British changed in mid 19th century. They tried to involved deeply in domestic affairs of the kingdoms there which infuriate the nobles. The situation worsen when Noble Uprising occurred in Gerenceng and Abiansemal. But the Monarch able to suppressed the uprising with the help of British which made them rely heavily to the British. Changes happened in 1878 when suddenly British declared war towards Petang Islands. The sudden declaration shocked the Monarch. They were easily conquered. The other kingdoms prepared themselves for the worst although they know that their military were very adequate compared to the British. One by one kingdom falls into British power. The last was Tambangan which was conquered in 1906.

The kingdoms were still retain their government and monarch but their status were demoted. They were becoming protectorate states of British Empire in which they can't freely engaged in international stage without the permission of British Empire. Although the situation seems to went bad, but there were a lot of development happened when the area were under British administration and protection. Port of Ubung was upgraded so it could accepted more ships mostly from India, Arab, Far East and Australia. British also created Pemecutan Navy Fleet which was stationed in Port of Ubung. But the world tension worsen in late 1930's. The Monarchs were worried when British entered World War II.

World Wars and Independence
The government of kingdoms in Pemecutan area met together in Peguyangan to talk about the world escalate situation. They were all agreed to increase military spending and asked for advise and defense from United Kingdom.

A small UK army was sent to defend their possession in Melayu Archipelago. After Japanese forces captured Dutch East Indies, they prepared for the worst. The Japanese Imperial Navy made voyage to Melayu Archipelago in order to controlled Port of Ubung which is a heavily defended UK naval Base in the area. The forces made a landing in July 1942. An inevitable war happened and in just a few months the whole Giri Island was captured. Mengwi and Petang Islands forces also surrender after heavy loss.

A change of wind happened after Japanese forces was loosing in Rabaul and the Philippines. The situation were taken into advantage by the resistance forces in Giri Islands. With the help of Australian and British India Army, they able to forced out Japanese forces from the archipelago. The government were re-established shortly.

The after war, a heated situation happened in the area as nobles and commoners were upsets with UK war involvement and their failure to defend the archipelago. Uprising occurs in major cities during 1946 which chanting of immediate independence. A meeting was held in early 1947 between the 6 kingdoms and UK ambassador for independence discussion. UK suggested that all 6 kingdoms were unite under one sovereign states for more stability in the archipelago. But the suggestion was rejected by Mengwi and Petang delegations.

As the meeting progression become stalemate, in late 1948, 4 kingdoms in Giri Island held a separate meeting and finally agreed to unite as one nation. The move was granted by UK government. Giri Federation was officially declared in 18 December 1949. The first general election was held in September 1951 and the first parliament was swear in January 1952.

The independence of Mengwi and Petang were halted until 1956 when both kingdoms were deems ready to become a full sovereign states. Both kingdoms re-established their relationship with Giri Federation. In the course of time, both Mengwi and Petang Islands become highly dependent economically with Giri Federation. In a meeting held in Jematang, it was decided that Mengwi and Petang Islands joined the Federation. The name Pemecutan is selected for the new Union.

Government and Politics
Pemecutan is a federal parliamentary elective monarchy. It is the only elective monarchy in Melayu Archipelago. The system of government is closely modeled on that of the Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British colonial rule. The Head of State is Ratu Hawir Bhuja, commonly referred to Paramount King (literally it means King of the Kings). The Paramount King is elected to a five-year term by and among the six hereditary rulers of the States of Pemecutan. By informal agreement, the position is systematically rotated among the six, and have been held by King Mangu XI of Mengwi since 1 January 2017. The Paramount King's role have been largely ceremonial since the creation of Giri Federation in 1949, picking ministers and members of the upper house. Rajya Sabha or The King's Council, which is a non-governmental body formed by six hereditary rulers of Pemecutan is designated as an advisory council for the government. The Government are freely to consult the countries issues with the council.

Legislative power is vested in Paruman Agung (Grand Council). The council is a bicameral which consist of the lower house, Krama Sabha (Peoples House) and the upper house, Nagari Sabha (State House). The 101-member of Krama Sabha is elected for a maximum term of four year in a multi-member constituencies. All 50 senators sit for four-years term; 30 are elected by the 6 states assemblies, and the remaining 20 are appointed by the Paramount King upon the Prime Minister's recommendation. The parliament follows multi-party system and the government is elected through a Saint-Langue method. Parliamentary elections are held at least once every four years, the most recent took place in September 2015. From 1984, the government has lower the voters age of consent from 21 years to 17 years. Voting is not mandatory. The next election will be held in September 2020.

Executive power is vested in the Cabinet, led by the Patih Agung (Prime Minister). Patih Agung must be a member of Krama Sabha who in the opinion of the Paramount King, commands the support of a majority members. The Cabinet is chosen from members of both houses of Parliament. Patih Agung or Prime Minister is both head of cabinet and the head of government. Since the 2011 General Election, Pemecutan have been govern by Pandu Nagari political alliance. They formed a minority government with the support of Pratisentana Wangsa Pasek (PWP), the second largest political party in the Parliament.

Pemecutan's legal system is a mixed of English Common Law and Pemecutan Traditional Value. This mixed system is adopted to preserved the local system and tradition that have been around in the country since several centuries ago. The judiciary is somewhat independent. The appointment of judges have been held by an independent body, Pemecutan Judicial Council where its members are certified lawyers, judges and former lawyers in the country. But all the judges appointment have to be approved by Nagai Sabha, as the upper house. The highest court in the judicial system is Pemecutan Supreme Court, followed by State Court of Appeal which located in each states and High Court which located in each municipalities. Pemecutan also has several special court e.g Military Court. Even though Sanatana Dharma is the country state-religion but there are no religious-based law that implemented in the country.

Administrative divisions
Pemecutan is divided into 6 constituent states and a federal city. On their independence as Giri Federation, the federation is consists of 4 states which are all located in Giri Island. Mengwi and Petang Islands decided to joined the federation in 1966 which renamed Giri Federation into Pemecutan. In 1978, the capital, Pemecutan Puri was separated from Tambangan Province and become it's own territory directly control by Pemecutan Central Government.

Each of the States are divided into provinces. There are a total 27 provinces. Below the provinces are municipalities. There are 307 municipalities in Pemecutan, including the capital city.

Geography
Pemecutan is located in south central of Melayu Archipelago. It is part of Jambuva Archipelago and Central Islands Subregion. With a land area of 30,056 km2, Pemecutan is the third largest country in Jambuva Archipelago (not counting Labuan and Cempaka State which is part of Samudera Darussalam). The islands is crossed by two micro tectonic plate, Jambuva Plate and Kencana Plate. Gerenceng Mountain Range which located in Giri Island is a result of continued clashed between both tectonic plates. Earthquake are frequently occurs in the area.

Giri Island is the main and the largest island in the country with around 19,000 km2 in land area or around 63% of total Pemecutan land area. The highest point, Mount Basuki also located in the island which stood at 1,793 m above sea level. The longest river is Pacung River. Flowing at 112 km long, the river start from Mount Pacung and emptied into Jematang Bay. It crossed the capital city, Pemecutan Puri. Pacung-Apuan River Basin is the largest basin the country which occupy Campuhan Valley in the eastern part of Giri Island.

Islands in Pemecutan are mostly hilly with highland and mountain can be seen in the large islands. Only smaller islands and islets that rather flat. The largest flat island in Pemecutan would be Getasan Island with around 200 m in it highest point. There are more than 20 islands in Pemecutan Archipelago. All of them are named and inhabited. It can be grouped into Giri, Mengwi and Petang Group.

The closest distance to foreign country is with Southern Palm Islands in the south of the country. Khurtubh Strait is only 13 km long. The largest territorial water will be Batubulan Sea which located between Batubulan Island and Surya Island. The largest lake is located in Mengwi, Carangsari Lake. Surya Island is known for its numerous lake especially in its eastern part.